🇵🇱 polonês · C1 · Academic World

Citation and Reference

10 min de leitura · reporting verbs in Polish (twierdzi, że; wskazuje na; podkreśla) · indirect speech in academic writing

Esta lição ainda não está disponível na tua língua — aparece em inglês.

Vocabulário

źródłosource
cytatquote / quotation
parafrazowanieparaphrasing
plagiatplagiarism
autorauthor
wydawnictwopublisher / publishing house
rok wydaniayear of publication
stronapage / website
ibid.ibid. / the same work
op. cit.op. cit. / cited work

Citation and Reference in Polish Academic Writing

Polish academic citation follows specific conventions depending on the institution, but common practices include:

Reporting Verbs

Polish uses specific verbs to introduce cited sources:

Autor twierdzi, że... (The author claims that...)
Badacz wskazuje na... (The researcher points to...)
Jak podkreśla X... (As X emphasizes...)
Zgodnie z ustaleniami Y... (According to Y's findings...)
W opinii Z... (In Z's opinion...)

Direct vs Indirect Citation

Direct: Jak napisał Miłosz: „..." (As Miłosz wrote: "...")
Indirect: Miłosz sugerował, że poezja... (Miłosz suggested that poetry...)

Reference Formulas

Common Polish citation formulas:
- (Kowalski 2020: 45) — author, year, page
- [por. Nowak 2019] — cf. / compare (por. = porównaj)
- [tamże] — ibid. (the same source)
- [ibidem, s. 23] — ibidem, page 23

Expressões

Jak twierdzi [autor]...As [author] claims... (reporting verb formula)
Zgodnie z badaniami [autora]...According to [author]'s research...
Cytując [autora]:Quoting [author]: (direct citation intro)
Jak wskazuje [autor], ...As [author] indicates... (indirect reference)
por. [Nowak 2019]cf. [Nowak 2019] — compare this source
Zob. też...See also... (additional reference, zob. = zobacz)
tamże, s. ...ibid., p. ... (same source, different page)
W nawiązaniu do koncepcji...Academic reference opener

Erros frequentes

~~Według Kowalski (2020), wyniki...~~
Według Kowalskiego (2020) wyniki... / Jak twierdzi Kowalski (2020), wyniki...
Według requires genitive case: Kowalskiego (not Kowalski). Also, no comma after a year parenthetical in Polish citation style.
~~Autor mówi że...~~
Autor twierdzi, że... / Autor wskazuje, że...
Mówić (to say/speak) is too colloquial for academic writing. Use twierdzi (claims), wskazuje (indicates), podkreśla (emphasizes), stwierdza (states).
~~Idem, s. 15~~
Tamże, s. 15
Polish academic texts use tamże (not idem) for the same source. Idem (the same author) is rare and mostly used in legal texts.
~~por Nowak, 2019, str. 34~~
por. Nowak 2019, s. 34
por. requires a period (abbreviation). Str. (strona) should be s. in academic Polish. No comma between author and year.

Quiz rápido

Pergunta 1 de 5

Como se diz «quote / quotation» em polonês?

Esta é a versão mini

O verdadeiro tutor de polonês vive na app

Ler é um começo — o Mio foi feito para praticar. A app acrescenta tudo o que a web não consegue fazer:

Conversa
Conversas por voz a sério com o teu tutor de IA
Escuta
Histórias e diálogos curtos com perguntas de compreensão
Cartões inteligentes
Repetição espaçada que mostra as palavras mesmo antes de as esqueceres
O teu treinador Mio
Segue os teus erros e monta um plano diário à volta dos teus pontos fracos