Citing Sources
이 레슨은 아직 해당 언어로 제공되지 않아 영어로 표시돼요.
어휘
- によるとaccording to
- によればaccording to (formal)
- と述べているstates that
- 引用quotation/citation
- 出典source/reference
- 参考文献bibliography/references
- 脚注footnote
- 典拠authority/basis
- 論拠grounds for argument
- 裏付けるto substantiate/support
Citing Sources in Academic Japanese
Proper citation in Japanese academic writing requires specific grammatical structures that signal the source of information and the writer's relationship to it.
によると vs によれば
Both mean "according to," but with nuances:
- 田中（2020）によると、環境問題は深刻化している — "According to Tanaka (2020), environmental issues are worsening"
- 最新の研究によれば、この仮説は支持されている — "According to recent research, this hypothesis is supported"
によれば is slightly more formal and often used with institutional or research sources.
Direct vs Indirect Citation
- Direct: 田中は「改革が必要だ」と述べている — Tanaka states, "Reform is necessary"
- Indirect: 田中は改革が必要だと指摘している — Tanaka points out that reform is necessary
Supporting Claims
Use 裏付ける to show evidence supports a claim:
- このデータは仮説を裏付けている — "This data substantiates the hypothesis"
These structures maintain academic objectivity while properly attributing ideas.
표현
- 田中（2020）によるとCite a specific author and year
- ～と述べているAttribute a statement to a source
- ～と指摘されているCite a widely recognized point
- データによって裏付けられているState that evidence supports a claim
- 先行研究を踏まえるとBuild on prior research
- 出典を明記するIndicate sources clearly
자주 하는 실수
田中によって田中によるとによって indicates agent/means; によると indicates source of information.
田中は言った田中は述べているAcademic writing uses 述べている, not the casual 言った.
研究の結果から研究の結果によればUse によれば when citing research findings formally.
参考にした参考文献として挙げたBe specific: 参考文献として挙げる is more academic.
これは本当だと証明するこれを裏付けるUse 裏付ける (substantiate) rather than 証明する (prove) for nuanced claims.
짧은 퀴즈
5문제 중 1번
«authority/basis»를 일본어로 어떻게 말할까요?
진짜 일본어 튜터는 앱에 있어요
읽는 건 시작일 뿐이에요 — Mio는 연습을 위해 만들어졌어요. 앱에는 웹이 할 수 없는 것들이 전부 있어요:
- 대화
AI 튜터와 나누는 진짜 음성 대화
- 듣기
이해도 문제가 딸린 짧은 이야기와 대화
- 똑똑한 단어 카드
잊어버리기 직전에 단어를 다시 보여 주는 간격 반복
- 나의 코치 미오
실수를 기록하고 약점에 맞춘 오늘의 계획을 짜 줘요