The justice system
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어휘
- 裁判trial / court case
- 判決verdict / judgment
- 被告defendant
- 原告plaintiff
- 弁護士lawyer / attorney
- 検察prosecution
- 証拠evidence
- 有罪guilty
- 無罪not guilty / innocent
- 刑罰punishment / penalty
- 控訴appeal
- 裁判官judge
The Passive Voice in Legal Contexts
Japanese legal and judicial language relies heavily on passive constructions to maintain objectivity and formality. Understanding these patterns is essential for following news about trials, reading legal texts, and discussing justice.
れる/られる (passive) is the foundation of judicial language: 被告は逮捕された (The defendant was arrested). The passive emphasizes the action rather than the agent.
判決が下される is a fixed legal expression meaning "a verdict is handed down": 有罪の判決が下された (A guilty verdict was handed down). This passive construction is standard in court reporting.
とされる means "is considered as" or "is regarded as": 証拠不十分とされる (It is considered insufficient evidence). This passive pattern is used for legal assessments and public opinion.
に処せられる means "to be sentenced to" or "to be punished with": 懲役五年に処せられる (To be sentenced to five years in prison). This is formal judicial language for pronouncing sentences.
These passive forms create the detached, objective tone characteristic of legal Japanese.
표현
- 裁判にかけられるTo be put on trial
- 無罪を主張するTo plead not guilty
- 証拠を提出するTo submit evidence
- 判決を言い渡すTo pronounce a verdict
- 控訴を申し立てるTo file an appeal
- 刑に服するTo serve a sentence
자주 하는 실수
被告は逮捕した被告は逮捕されたPassive された is needed; 逮捕した means the defendant arrested someone
判決が下した判決が下されたThe verdict is handed down (passive), not hands down (active)
証拠不十分にされる証拠不十分とされるとされる uses と (quotative), not に
懲役五年を処せられる懲役五年に処せられるに処せられる requires に, not を
無罪が主張する無罪を主張する主張する takes を for the object, not が
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