🇬🇧 英语 · C1 · 哲学与批判性思维
提问的艺术
词汇
- assumption假设／前提
- premise前提
- deduction演绎
- induction归纳
- logical合乎逻辑的
- fallacy谬误／逻辑错误
- bias偏见
- evidence证据／数据
- validity有效性
- conclusion结论
- Socratic method苏格拉底式方法
- rhetorical question修辞疑问句
- probing question深入追问
- cross-examine交叉质询
修辞提问与苏格拉底式提问
中文和英语的批判性思维都依赖高质量问题。
修辞疑问句
它不等待回答，而是以问句形式强调：Is this really the best we can do?
苏格拉底式提问
英语中可通过问题引导推理：
- 澄清：What exactly do you mean by that?
- 检验假设：What are you assuming here?
- 索要证据：What evidence supports that claim?
- 探索后果：If that were true, what would follow?
使用开放式的 why, how, what if，比只要“是/否”的问题更能促进深入思考。
表达
- What exactly do you mean by...?要求精确定义
- What are you assuming here?质疑隐含假设
- What evidence supports that?索要具体证据
- Isn't that a logical fallacy?指出逻辑谬误
- If that were true, what would follow?探索假设后果
- Could you unpack that a little further?礼貌地要求进一步阐释
- On what basis do you make that claim?要求论点依据
- How might we test that assumption?提出实证检验假设
常见错误
That's a fallacy of logicThat's a logical fallacy固定搭配是 logical fallacy，不是 fallacy of logic。
This is not an evidenceThis is not evidence / There is no evidenceEvidence 是不可数名词；可说 a piece of evidence。
Your assumption is wrong because I think soYour assumption lacks supporting evidence批判性论证不能只靠个人看法，需要证据。
Don't you think that climate change is the biggest threat?To what extent might climate change pose the greatest threat?这种封闭问法预设答案；开放问法更利于细致推理。
Why is your argument wrong?What might be a potential weakness in this argument?该问法攻击性强且预设结论；应邀请对方自我检视。
But what about the other side?How might a proponent of the opposing view respond to this?说法含糊且对立；应精确表述相反观点。
小测验
第 1 题，共 5 题
「假设／前提」用英语怎么说？
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