🇬🇧 英语 · C1 · 哲学与批判性思维
重大问题
词汇
- consciousness意识（清醒状态）
- existence存在
- morality道德／伦理
- purpose目的／存在理由
- perception感知
- reality现实
- identity身份
- free will自由意志
- ethics伦理学
- subjective主观的
- determinism决定论
- nihilism虚无主义
- epistemology认识论
- metaphysics形而上学
高级虚拟语气与反事实条件句
中文讨论哲学问题时也需要表达假设与不确定性；英语使用正式虚拟语气和反事实条件句。
英语虚拟语气
- It is essential that he be present.
- I suggest that she reconsider.
- If I were you...
反事实条件句
- 现在非真实：If consciousness were an illusion, would morality still matter?
- 过去非真实：If we had never developed language, would we have ethics?
- 混合式：If humans had no free will, nothing we do would be meaningful.
哲学英语常用谨慎表达：It could be argued that...、There is reason to believe that...。
表达
- One might argue that...谨慎提出哲学立场
- Were it the case that...提出正式反事实假设
- It wouldn't necessarily follow that...反驳仓促结论
- That's a loaded question.指出问题复杂或带有预设
- I'd argue that...有分寸地陈述立场
- This raises fundamental questions about...引出根本性问题
- From an epistemological standpoint...从认识论角度展开
- The very notion of X presupposes that...质疑概念的隐含前提
常见错误
If I would be immortal, I would be boredIf I were immortal, I would be bored第二类反事实条件句的 if 从句用 were，不能用 would。
The conscience is what makes us humanConsciousness is what makes us humanConscience 是内在道德感；consciousness 是意识状态。
I believe that free will exists because I can choose.The experience of choice does not necessarily entail the existence of free will.这是一种循环论证；主观选择感不等于哲学证明。
Nihilism means that nothing matters and life has no point.Nihilism challenges the assumption that life has inherent meaning.此定义过度简化；虚无主义质疑固有意义的预设。
Philosophy is just people's opinions about life.Philosophy employs rigorous argumentation to examine fundamental questions.哲学依靠严谨论证研究根本问题，并非仅是意见。
小测验
第 1 题，共 5 题
「形而上学」用英语怎么说？
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