The future of education
Ta lekcja nie jest jeszcze dostępna w twoim języku — pokazujemy ją po angielsku.
Słownictwo
- riformareform
- curriculumcurriculum / syllabus
- accessibileaccessible
- innovativoinnovative
- competenzeskills / competencies
- a distanzaremote / distance
- ibridohybrid
- apprendimento permanentelifelong learning
- pensiero criticocritical thinking
- digitaledigital
- didatticateaching methods
- apprendimentolearning
- competenzacompetence / skill
- alfabetizzazioneliteracy
The Future of Education: Deductive Modals
In Italian B2, modals (dovere, potere, volere) combined with the past infinitive allow expressing deductions about the present or past.
Deve essere (it must be)
Deduction about the present — something is very probably true.
Il sistema educativo deve essere profondamente riformato.
(The education system must be profoundly reformed — an obvious necessity.)
Non può avere fatto (he cannot have done)
Negative deduction about the past — something is impossible in the past.
Non può avere ignorato i risultati della ricerca.
(He cannot have ignored the research results.)
Potrebbe essere stato (it might have been)
Uncertain deduction about the past — one possibility among others.
La riforma potrebbe essere stata mal comunicata agli insegnanti.
(The reform might have been poorly communicated to teachers.)
Deve avere deciso (he must have decided)
Certain deduction about a past action.
Il ministero deve avere deciso di ridurre i fondi per l''istruzione.
(The ministry must have decided to cut education funding.)
Distinction
The difficulty is distinguishing necessity (dovere = obligation) from deduction (dovere = it must be true that...). Context is key at B2 level.
Zwroty
- Stare al passo con...Describe the need to adapt to change
- Investire nel futuroArgue for more educational funding
- Formare le mentiExpress the fundamental mission of education
- Aprire nuovi orizzontiDescribe the benefits of education
- Mettere in praticaTalk about concrete application of skills
- Prendere in mano la situazioneCall for decisive action on reform
- Imparare sul campoValue learning by doing
- Restare indietroDescribe falling behind in school
Typowe błędy
Deve avere riformato il sistema ieri.Ha riformato il sistema ieri.With a specific time marker (ieri), modal deduction is incoherent — use the past tense directly.
Non può ignorato i risultati.Non può avere ignorato i risultati.Negative deduction about the past requires 'potere' + 'avere' + past participle, not 'potere' + participle alone.
Il sistema deve essere stato riformato ieri.Il sistema è stato riformato ieri.Same reason: with 'ieri', deduction is incompatible. The simple compound passive suffices.
Può avere fatto gli errori.Può aver fatto degli errori.The indefinite article 'degli' is needed before plural 'errori'. Also, 'avere' can contract to 'aver' before a participle.
Gli studenti devono di studiare di più.Gli studenti devono studiare di più.Dovere is followed directly by the infinitive, without the preposition di.
L'insegnante ha spiegato agli studenti il problema chiaro.L'insegnante ha spiegato chiaramente il problema agli studenti.Use the adverb chiaramente, not the adjective chiaro, to modify a verb.
Szybki quiz
Pytanie 1 z 5
Jak powiedzieć «curriculum / syllabus»? (włoski)
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