🇵🇱 폴란드어 · C1 · Academic World

Citation and Reference

읽는 데 10분 · reporting verbs in Polish (twierdzi, że; wskazuje na; podkreśla) · indirect speech in academic writing

이 레슨은 아직 해당 언어로 제공되지 않아 영어로 표시돼요.

어휘

źródłosource
cytatquote / quotation
parafrazowanieparaphrasing
plagiatplagiarism
autorauthor
wydawnictwopublisher / publishing house
rok wydaniayear of publication
stronapage / website
ibid.ibid. / the same work
op. cit.op. cit. / cited work

Citation and Reference in Polish Academic Writing

Polish academic citation follows specific conventions depending on the institution, but common practices include:

Reporting Verbs

Polish uses specific verbs to introduce cited sources:

*Autor twierdzi, że...* (The author claims that...)
*Badacz wskazuje na...* (The researcher points to...)
*Jak podkreśla X...* (As X emphasizes...)
*Zgodnie z ustaleniami Y...* (According to Y's findings...)
*W opinii Z...* (In Z's opinion...)

Direct vs Indirect Citation

Direct: *Jak napisał Miłosz: „..."* (As Miłosz wrote: "...")
Indirect: *Miłosz sugerował, że poezja...* (Miłosz suggested that poetry...)

Reference Formulas

Common Polish citation formulas:
- *(Kowalski 2020: 45)* — author, year, page
- *[por. Nowak 2019]* — cf. / compare (por. = porównaj)
- *[tamże]* — ibid. (the same source)
- *[ibidem, s. 23]* — ibidem, page 23

표현

Jak twierdzi [autor]...As [author] claims... (reporting verb formula)
Zgodnie z badaniami [autora]...According to [author]'s research...
Cytując [autora]:Quoting [author]: (direct citation intro)
Jak wskazuje [autor], ...As [author] indicates... (indirect reference)
por. [Nowak 2019]cf. [Nowak 2019] — compare this source
Zob. też...See also... (additional reference, zob. = zobacz)
tamże, s. ...ibid., p. ... (same source, different page)
W nawiązaniu do koncepcji...Academic reference opener

자주 하는 실수

~~Według Kowalski (2020), wyniki...~~
Według Kowalskiego (2020) wyniki... / Jak twierdzi Kowalski (2020), wyniki...
Według requires genitive case: Kowalskiego (not Kowalski). Also, no comma after a year parenthetical in Polish citation style.
~~Autor mówi że...~~
Autor twierdzi, że... / Autor wskazuje, że...
Mówić (to say/speak) is too colloquial for academic writing. Use twierdzi (claims), wskazuje (indicates), podkreśla (emphasizes), stwierdza (states).
~~Idem, s. 15~~
Tamże, s. 15
Polish academic texts use tamże (not idem) for the same source. Idem (the same author) is rare and mostly used in legal texts.
~~por Nowak, 2019, str. 34~~
por. Nowak 2019, s. 34
por. requires a period (abbreviation). Str. (strona) should be s. in academic Polish. No comma between author and year.

짧은 퀴즈

5문제 중 1번

«quote / quotation»를 폴란드어로 어떻게 말할까요?

여기까지는 맛보기예요

진짜 폴란드어 튜터는 앱에 있어요

읽는 건 시작일 뿐이에요 — Mio는 연습을 위해 만들어졌어요. 앱에는 웹이 할 수 없는 것들이 전부 있어요:

대화
AI 튜터와 나누는 진짜 음성 대화
듣기
이해도 문제가 딸린 짧은 이야기와 대화
똑똑한 단어 카드
잊어버리기 직전에 단어를 다시 보여 주는 간격 반복
나의 코치 미오
실수를 기록하고 약점에 맞춘 오늘의 계획을 짜 줘요