Academic Writing Conventions
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어휘
- rozprawadissertation / treatise
- artykuł naukowyacademic article
- streszczenieabstract / summary
- hipotezahypothesis
- metodologiamethodology
- wynikresult / finding / outcome
- wniosekconclusion / finding
- literaturaliterature / bibliography
- przypisfootnote / endnote
- cytowaniecitation / quoting
Academic Writing Conventions in Polish
Polish academic writing follows strict conventions that differ from both everyday speech and literary language.
Impersonal Constructions
Academic Polish avoids first-person statements. Instead:
- *W niniejszej pracy przedstawia się...* (In this paper, it is presented...)
- *Należy podkreślić, że...* (It should be emphasized that...)
- *Można stwierdzić, że...* (It can be stated that...)
- *Jak wynika z analizy...* (As follows from the analysis...)
Passive Voice in Academic Argumentation
- *Wyniki zostały uzyskane metodą...* (Results were obtained by the method of...)
- *Hipoteza została potwierdzona.* (The hypothesis was confirmed.)
- *Dane zostały zebrane w...* (Data were collected in...)
Formal Connectors
Polish academic texts use specific discourse markers:
- *Po pierwsze... po drugie...* (First... second...)
- *Z jednej strony... z drugiej strony...* (On one hand... on the other...)
- *W konsekwencji / W rezultacie* (Consequently / As a result)
- *Niemniej jednak* (Nevertheless)
표현
- W niniejszej pracy...In this paper... (academic impersonal opening)
- Należy podkreślić, że...It should be emphasized that... (formal hedging)
- Jak wynika z badań...Evidence introduction formula
- Z jednej strony... z drugiej...Contrast structure
- W konsekwencjiConsequently / As a result (formal connector)
- Niemniej jednakNevertheless (formal concession marker)
- Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analizBased on the analyses conducted (academic formula)
- Wyniki wskazują, że...The results indicate that... (academic reporting)
자주 하는 실수
W tej pracy ja pokazuję...W niniejszej pracy przedstawia się / wykazuje się...Academic Polish avoids first-person (ja). Use impersonal constructions with się or passive voice instead.
Myślę, że wyniki są dobre.Wyniki wskazują, że... / Można stwierdzić, że wyniki są obiecujące.Myślę (I think) is too subjective and colloquial for academic writing. Use objective reporting verbs and hedging.
Po pierwsze, po drugie, po trzecie, w końcu...Po pierwsze... Po drugie... Wreszcie / W konkluzji...W końcu means finally only in narrative contexts. In academic texts, wreszcie or w konkluzji is preferred for the final point.
Zgodnie z badań...Zgodnie z wynikami badań... / Jak wynika z badań...Zgodnie z requires instrumental case: zgodnie z wynikami (not badań). The correct preposition phrase needs the right case.
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