Advanced Connectors
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어휘
- nichtsdestotrotznonetheless / nevertheless
- insofern alsinsofar as / to the extent that
- dadurch, dassby virtue of the fact that
- wobeiwhereby / although
- infolgedessenas a result / consequently
- zumalespecially since / all the more so
- geschweige dennlet alone
- sofernprovided that / as long as
- angesichtsin view of / given
- ungeachtetregardless of / notwithstanding
- demzufolgeaccordingly / as a consequence
- wenngleichalthough / even though
Advanced connectors at C1 level enable nuanced, elegant argumentation. Unlike basic connectors (aber, weil, deshalb), they convey precise shades of meaning.
Concession: Nichtsdestotrotz (nonetheless) and wenngleich (although) express concession more sophisticatedly than trotzdem. Note that wenngleich sends the conjugated verb to the end of the subordinate clause.
Causality: Zumal (especially since) reinforces the cause; dadurch, dass (by virtue of the fact that) introduces a causal means. Infolgedessen and demzufolge express consequence formally.
Restriction: Insofern als (insofar as) limits the scope of a statement, while sofern (provided that) sets a condition. Geschweige denn (let alone) signals a negative gradation: what follows is even less likely.
These connectors transform B2-level writing into C1 argumentation.
표현
- Nichtsdestotrotz bleibt das Problem bestehen.Nonetheless, the problem persists.
- Insofern als die Daten verlässlich sind.Insofar as the data is reliable.
- Das gelang dadurch, dass alle mitwirkten.It succeeded by virtue of everyone cooperating.
- Wobei man fairerweise sagen muss...Although, in fairness, one must say...
- Er kann kaum lesen, geschweige denn schreiben.He can barely read, let alone write.
- Sofern keine Einwände bestehen, fahren wir fort.Provided there are no objections, we proceed.
- Angesichts der Lage müssen wir handeln.In view of the situation, we must act.
자주 하는 실수
Trotzdem bleibt das Problem.Nichtsdestotrotz bleibt das Problem bestehen.Nichtsdestotrotz is more elevated and appropriate in formal writing.
Weil die Daten verlässlich sind.Insofern als die Daten verlässlich sind.Insofern als qualifies the scope rather than stating a simple cause.
Er kann nicht lesen und auch nicht schreiben.Er kann kaum lesen, geschweige denn schreiben.Geschweige denn expresses an elegant negative gradation.
Wenn es keine Einwände gibt.Sofern keine Einwände bestehen.Sofern is more formal and conditional than wenn.
Wegen der Lage müssen wir handeln.Angesichts der Lage müssen wir handeln.Angesichts is more elevated and emphasizes careful consideration.
짧은 퀴즈
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