🇳🇱 네덜란드어 · A2 · Talking About the Past

What did you do yesterday?

읽는 데 10분 · perfect tense with hebben (ik heb gewerkt, gespeeld) · time expressions: gisteren, vorige week

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어휘

gisterenyesterday
vorige weeklast week
gewerktworked
gespeeldplayed
gekooktcooked
gebeldcalled
gewandeldwalked
gekekenwatched
geleerdstudied
gewinkeldshopped
gerustrested
schoongemaaktcleaned

The Perfect Tense with "hebben"

In Dutch, to talk about the past, you most commonly use the perfect tense (voltooid tegenwoordige tijd). It is formed with hebben (to have) + past participle.

How to form the past participle

For regular verbs, add ge- at the beginning and -t or -d at the end:

werken → ik heb gewerkt (I worked)
spelen → ik heb gespeeld (I played)
koken → ik heb gekookt (I cooked)

Use -t after voiceless consonants (p, t, k, f, s, ch) and -d after all others. Remember the mnemonic: 't kofschip.

The negative form

Place niet after the conjugated form of hebben:

Ik heb niet gekookt → I did not cook

Asking questions

Invert the subject and verb:

Heb je gewerkt? → Did you work?
Heeft zij gebeld? → Did she call?

Example: "Ik heb gisteren veel geleerd." → "I studied a lot yesterday."

Useful time expressions

gisteren → yesterday
vorige week → last week
gisteravond → last night
twee dagen geleden → two days ago

표현

Wat heb je gedaan?Asking what someone did
Heb je een leuke dag gehad?Asking if someone had a nice day
Ik heb veel gedaanSaying you did a lot
Ik heb niet veel gedaanSaying you did not do much
Ik heb de hele dag gewerktSaying you worked all day
Het was heel leuk!Saying it was very fun

자주 하는 실수

~~Ik heb gewerked~~
Ik heb gewerkt
The past participle ends in -t (not -ed) after voiceless consonants ('t kofschip rule)
~~Ik hebben gekookt~~
Ik heb gekookt
The verb hebben must be conjugated: ik heb, jij hebt, hij heeft
~~Heb je gekookt gisteren?~~
Heb je gisteren gekookt?
Time expressions usually come before the past participle
~~Ik heb gespeelt~~
Ik heb gespeeld
After voiced consonants (like l), use -d not -t in the past participle
~~Ik niet heb gewerkt~~
Ik heb niet gewerkt
Niet comes after the conjugated verb hebben, not before it

짧은 퀴즈

5문제 중 1번

«shopped»를 네덜란드어로 어떻게 말할까요?

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