🇬🇧 英语 · C2 · 当代议题
全球经济
词汇
- inflation通货膨胀
- recession经济衰退
- fiscal policy财政政策
- monetary policy货币政策
- GDP国内生产总值
- stimulus经济刺激措施
- austerity紧缩政策
- quantitative easing量化宽松
- trade deficit贸易逆差
- supply chain供应链
- stagflation滞胀(停滞加通胀)
- deleveraging去杠杆化
- contagion(金融)传染
- liquidity trap流动性陷阱
经济英语中的高级名词化
名词化是把动词或形容词转变为名词短语。它是英语分析性、学术性表达的标志,能使表述更紧凑、中性,也更有权威感。
为什么要名词化?
名词化可以压缩信息,并淡化动作执行者,让陈述显得更普遍:
- Prices are rising → The rise in prices is putting pressure on households.
- The bank eased policy → The easing of monetary policy stimulated lending.
- Trade deteriorated → The deterioration in trade relations reflects geopolitical tensions.
中文常用动词链或短语自然地表达过程;英语经济写作则经常把过程包装为名词短语。因此,你读到或写出这类结构时,要把它视为正式分析语体,而不是逐词直译。
经济英语中常见的名词
- stimulate → stimulus
- contract → contraction
- stagnate → stagnation
- devalue → devaluation
- restructure → restructuring
典型分析结构
The persistence of structural imbalances undermines the sustainability of long-term growth.
这句话把持续时间、问题类型和影响压缩进了复杂的名词结构。
语体与细微差别
在正式口语和经济新闻中,常用:
- the widening of inequalities,而不是 inequalities are increasing
- the slowdown in economic activity,而不是 the economy is slowing down。
表达
- the widening of inequalities名词化:不平等差距扩大
- debt sustainability主权债务的可持续性
- an asymmetric shock对不同经济区域影响不同的冲击
- negative externalities由未参与的第三方承担的成本
- moral hazard因有保障而产生的风险倾向
- Too big to fail倒闭会威胁整个系统的机构
- To tighten monetary policy收紧货币政策,即提高利率
- A race to the bottom通过降低标准进行的恶性竞争
常见错误
The economy made a recession.The economy entered a recession.英语中说进入衰退;'to make a recession' 并不存在。
GDP increased in a strong way.GDP recorded a strong increase.名词化更精确,也属于较高级的分析语体。
Monetary policy caused inflation.Accommodative monetary policy fuelled inflationary pressures.避免过于直接的因果关系;经济话语通常表达得更有保留。
They did quantitative easing.They resorted to quantitative easing.对于货币政策操作,'to do' 过于笼统。
The central bank printed money to solve the crisis.The central bank expanded its balance sheet through asset purchases — colloquially described as 'printing money', though the mechanism is more nuanced.'Printed money' 是新闻式简化;量化宽松涉及购买金融资产,而不是实际印钞。
Inflation is when prices go up.Inflation is a sustained, generalised increase in the price level — a one-off price rise in a single sector does not constitute inflation.单一价格上涨不等于通胀;通胀必须是普遍且持续的价格水平上涨。
小测验
第 1 题,共 5 题
「国内生产总值」用英语怎么说?
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