🇵🇹 portugalski · C1 · Academic World

Citing and referencing

8 min czytania · advanced reported speech · citation verbs · referencing structures

Ta lekcja nie jest jeszcze dostępna w twoim języku — pokazujemy ją po angielsku.

Słownictwo

citarto cite / to quote
referenciarto reference
a citaçãothe quotation
a referênciathe reference
o discurso indiretothe indirect speech
segundoaccording to
de acordo comin accordance with
conformeas per / according to
afirmarto state / affirm
sustentarto maintain / uphold
o plágiothe plagiarism
a fonte primáriathe primary source

Citing and Referencing in Portuguese

Advanced Reported Speech

When citing in academic Portuguese, reported speech requires careful verb tense shifts:

Direct: O autor disse: "Os dados confirmam a hipótese"
Indirect: O autor afirmou que os dados confirmavam a hipótese

Citation Verbs

Portuguese academic writing uses diverse citation verbs beyond simple "dizer":

Afirmar (to state), sustentar (to maintain), defender (to argue)
Salientar (to highlight), sublinhar (to underline), ressalvar (to caveat)
Reconhecer (to acknowledge), contestar (to contest), refutar (to refute)

Introducing Citations

Key structures for introducing citations:

Segundo Silva (2023), ... (According to Silva)
De acordo com os dados recolhidos, ... (According to the collected data)
Conforme sublinhado por Pereira (2022), ... (As highlighted by Pereira)
Nas palavras de Costa (2024), ... (In the words of Costa)

Direct vs Indirect Citation

Use direct quotes sparingly and only for particularly impactful passages. Paraphrasing with proper attribution is preferred in Portuguese academic tradition.

Tip: Vary your citation verbs to show your critical engagement with the source material.

Zwroty

Segundo o autor supracitadoAccording to the aforementioned author
Conforme referido anteriormenteAs previously mentioned
Nas palavras de Silva (2023)In the words of Silva (2023)
Como sublinha Pereira (2022)As Pereira (2022) underlines
A este respeito, Costa defendeIn this regard, Costa argues
Tal como sustentado por AlmeidaAs maintained by Almeida

Typowe błędy

~~O autor disse que os dados confirmam~~
O autor afirmou que os dados confirmavam
Indirect speech requires backshift: confirmam → confirmavam
~~Segundo ao Silva~~
Segundo Silva
No preposition needed after «segundo» — it governs directly
~~De acordo o estudo~~
De acordo com o estudo
«De acordo» always requires the preposition «com»
~~O autor fala que~~
O autor afirma / sustenta que
«Falar que» is colloquial — use academic citation verbs
~~Como diz no livro~~
Conforme referido na obra
«Diz no livro» is too informal — use «conforme referido na obra»

Szybki quiz

Pytanie 1 z 5

Jak powiedzieć «the quotation»? (portugalski)

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