Democracy
Vocabulary
- 民主主義democracy
- 選挙election
- 投票するto vote
- 国民citizens / the people
- 憲法constitution
- 政党political party
- 政策policy
- 立法legislation
- 基本的人権fundamental human rights
- 言論の自由freedom of speech
- 汚職corruption
- 議論するto debate / discuss
Discussing Democracy in Japanese
Talking about democratic principles and civic duty requires expressions of obligation, necessity, and societal expectations.
Strong Obligation: べきだ
- べきだ — "should / ought to" with moral weight: *国民は投票すべきだ。* (Citizens should vote.)
Necessity: なければならない
- なければならない — "must" (formal obligation): *政府は国民の権利を守らなければならない。* (The government must protect citizens' rights.)
Impersonal Necessity
- ことが必要だ — "it is necessary to": *言論の自由を守ることが必要だ。* (It is necessary to protect freedom of speech.)
- ことが求められる — "it is required/demanded": *透明性が求められる。* (Transparency is demanded.)
These patterns convey civic and moral expectations in formal Japanese, suitable for debates and opinion essays.
Expressions
- べきだTo express moral obligation
- なければならないTo express formal necessity
- ことが必要だTo state what is necessary
- ことが求められるTo express what is demanded
- 言論の自由を守るTo say protect freedom of speech
- 民主主義の根幹To say the foundation of democracy
Common mistakes
国民は投票するべきだ。国民は投票すべきだ。With する verbs, べきだ contracts to すべきだ (not するべきだ), though both are sometimes accepted.
権利を守ることなければならない。権利を守らなければならない。なければならない attaches to the negative stem (守ら), not to こと + なければ.
透明性を求められる。透明性が求められる。In passive expressions of demand, the subject takes が, not を.
投票することは必要だ。投票することが必要だ。With ことが必要だ, use が to mark the necessary action, not は.
言論に自由を守る。言論の自由を守る。言論の自由 (freedom of speech) uses の as a possessive, not に.
Quick quiz
Question 1 of 5
How do you say “fundamental human rights” in Japanese?
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