🇪🇸 스페인어 · C1 · Nuances of Meaning

Advanced Connectors

읽는 데 5분 · No obstante, en la medida en que, por consiguiente, en virtud de

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어휘

ademásfurthermore / moreover
por consiguienteconsequently / therefore
aunquealthough / even though
por endetherefore (formal)
no obstantenevertheless / however
asimismolikewise / also
en definitivain short / ultimately
dado quegiven that / since
sin embargohowever / nonetheless
es decirthat is to say / i.e.

Advanced connectors allow you to structure complex discourse and nuance your arguments. "No obstante" and "sin embargo" both express concession, but "no obstante" belongs to a more formal register: La situación es difícil; no obstante, seguimos adelante (The situation is difficult; nevertheless, we press on). "Por consiguiente" and "por ende" mark consequence formally: El proyecto fracasó; por consiguiente, se canceló (The project failed; consequently, it was cancelled). "En la medida en que" introduces a proportional condition: Mejorarás en la medida en que practiques (You will improve to the extent that you practice). "En virtud de" is legal and administrative: En virtud de la ley, se prohíbe (By virtue of the law, it is prohibited). "Dado que" introduces a cause: Dado que llueve, nos quedamos (Given that it is raining, we are staying). Mastering these connectors is essential for academic and professional writing at the C1 level.

표현

No obstante, consideremos otra opciónIntroducing a nuance despite a previous argument
Por consiguiente, se tomó la decisiónDrawing a logical conclusion
En la medida en que sea posibleExpressing a proportional condition
En virtud de lo acordado previamenteReferring to a formal agreement
Dado que no hay alternativa, aceptamosJustifying a decision with a cause
Es decir, no hay vuelta atrásRephrasing or clarifying a point

자주 하는 실수

~~Aunque llueve, pero salimos~~
Aunque llueve, salimos
Aunque already implies concession; adding pero is redundant
~~Por consiguiente de la lluvia~~
A causa de la lluvia
Por consiguiente introduces a consequence, not a cause
~~No obstante de eso~~
No obstante
No obstante is used alone, without the preposition de
~~En definitivamente, es así~~
En definitiva, es así
The correct form is en definitiva, not en definitivamente
~~Dado de que llueve~~
Dado que llueve
Dequeísmo: dado que does not take an extra preposition

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