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Epistemology and Language

읽는 데 25분 · epistemic modality · evidential markers

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어휘

epistemologiaepistemology
wiedzaknowledge
uzasadnieniejustification
przekonaniebelief / conviction
sceptycyzmscepticism
empiryzmempiricism
racjonalizmrationalism
indukcjainduction

Epistemology and Language

Epistemology (*epistemologia*) is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge.

Core epistemological questions:

*Co możemy wiedzieć?* — What can we know?
*Skąd pochodzi wiedza?* — Where does knowledge come from?
*Jak uzasadniamy przekonania?* — How do we justify beliefs?

Knowledge in Polish:

*wiedza* — propositional knowledge (knowing that...)
*umiejętność* — practical knowledge (knowing how...)
*znajomość* — acquaintance knowledge (knowing a person/place)

Epistemological positions:

Empiryzm — all knowledge comes from sensory experience (*doświadczenie zmysłowe*)
Racjonalizm — some knowledge is innate or derived by reason alone
Sceptycyzm — we cannot have certain knowledge

Language and knowledge:

Language shapes how we categorize and understand the world. Polish grammatical categories (like aspect) reflect different ways of conceptualizing time and events.

표현

Skąd wiesz, że to prawda?Epistemological challenge
Jakie masz uzasadnienie?Asking for evidence or reasoning
To jest kwestia empirycznaCan be verified by experience
Nie możemy być pewniExpressing epistemic uncertainty
Wiedza a prioriKnowledge independent of experience

자주 하는 실수

~~Widzę to, więc to prawda~~
Doświadczenie zmysłowe może być mylące
Perceptual experience is fallible — empirical claims need verification
~~Wszyscy to wiedzą~~
Popularne przekonanie nie równa się wiedzy
Consensus does not equal knowledge — beliefs need justification
~~Czuję że mam rację~~
Intuicja wymaga weryfikacji
Intuition alone is not sufficient justification for a knowledge claim
~~Nie można nic wiedzieć~~
Sceptycyzm nie wyklucza wiedzy probabilistycznej
Radical scepticism is hard to defend — we have degrees of justified belief

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