Epistemic modality
이 레슨은 아직 해당 언어로 제공되지 않아 영어로 표시돼요.
어휘
- die Desinformationdisinformation
- die Deepfakedeepfake
- die Epistemologieepistemology
- postfaktischpost-truth
- die Echokammerecho chamber
- die Polarisierungpolarisation
- das Narrativthe narrative
- die Glaubwürdigkeitcredibility
- vermeintlichalleged / supposed
- mutmaßlichpresumed
- angeblichallegedly
- zweifelhaftdubious
Epistemic modality in German
At C2 level, you must master structures expressing the degree of certainty or doubt about information.
Adverbs of doubt:
- *Das ist vermutlich falsch.* → That is presumably wrong.
- *Er ist angeblich krank.* → He is allegedly ill.
- *Das stimmt mutmaßlich nicht.* → That is presumably incorrect.
Konjunktiv I for reported speech:
- *Der Minister sagte, die Lage sei unter Kontrolle.* → The minister said the situation was under control. (distance = doubt)
Hedging constructions:
- *Es könnte sein, dass...* → It could be that...
- *Man darf wohl annehmen, dass...* → One may reasonably assume that...
- *Es bleibt abzuwarten, ob...* → It remains to be seen whether...
Epistemic adjectives:
- *eine vermeintliche Lösung* → a supposed solution (not necessarily real)
- *ein zweifelhafter Bericht* → a dubious report
These tools allow you to maintain critical distance from information.
표현
- Es bleibt abzuwarten, ob...Expressing caution about the future
- Man darf wohl annehmen, dassAssuming cautiously
- Das ist höchst zweifelhaftStrongly doubting
- Die vermeintliche WahrheitQualifying a supposed truth
- Angeblich soll er...Reporting an unverified fact
- Es könnte sich herausstellen, dassOpening a possibility
자주 하는 실수
Er ist angeblich krank (as a fact)Er ist krank / Er soll krank seinAngeblich implies doubt. For a proven fact, remove the adverb.
Der Minister sagte, die Lage ist unter KontrolleDer Minister sagte, die Lage sei unter KontrolleFormal reported speech uses the Konjunktiv I (sei, not ist).
Vermutlich und mutmaßlich sind identischVermutlich ist alltäglich, mutmaßlich ist juristischMutmaßlich is more formal and often used in legal contexts.
Es bleibt abzuwarten dass...Es bleibt abzuwarten, ob...Abzuwarten requires ob (whether) as it expresses uncertainty, not fact.
Eine vermeintlich LösungEine vermeintliche LösungVermeintlich must agree as an adjective: vermeintliche (feminine).
짧은 퀴즈
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