Advanced Connectors
Ta lekcja nie jest jeszcze dostępna w twoim języku — pokazujemy ją po angielsku.
Słownictwo
- संयोजकconnector / conjunction
- विरोधात्मकadversative / contrastive
- कारणवाचकcausal
- परिणामवाचकresultative / consequential
- रियायतात्मकconcessive
- सशर्तconditional
- तार्किक अनुक्रमlogical sequence
- प्रतिबन्धात्मकrestrictive
At C1, the ability to deploy advanced connectors in Hindi marks the difference between competent and sophisticated writing and speech. Beyond basic इसलिए (therefore) and लेकिन (but), advanced connectors include: तथापि / फिर भी (adversative: nevertheless), यद्यपि...तथापि (concessive: although...yet), क्योंकि vs. चूँकि (causal: because — चूँकि is more formal and fronted), अतः (formal resultative: hence), इसके बावजूद (despite this), जबकि (whereas / while — contrastive), न केवल...बल्कि (not only...but also), और यह भी नहीं कि (nor that). Mastery includes knowing that तथापि, यद्यपि and अतः are formal/literary, while मगर, पर, फिर भी and क्योंकि serve everyday prose. Register matching of connectors is as critical as choosing the connector type.
Zwroty
- यद्यपि यह सत्य है, तथापि...formal concessive — although this is true, neve...
- चूँकि परिस्थितियाँ बदल गई हैं, अतः...formal causal-resultative sequence
- न केवल...बल्कि...भीadditive intensifier: not only...but also
- इसके बावजूद कि...despite the fact that (fronted concessive)
- जबकि दूसरी ओर...contrastive: whereas on the other hand
- इस प्रकार, निष्कर्षतः...formal summative conclusion connector
Typowe błędy
औपचारिक लेखन में लेकिन का प्रयोगऔपचारिक सन्दर्भ में तथापि या परन्तु प्रयोग करेंलेकिन is colloquial; formal writing requires तथापि, परन्तु or किन्तु
चूँकि और क्योंकि का एकसमान प्रयोगचूँकि = fronted/formal causal; क्योंकि = neutral/post-verbalचूँकि appears sentence-initially; क्योंकि follows the main clause
अतः की जगह इसलिए का सदा प्रयोगऔपचारिक निष्कर्ष के लिए अतः उपयुक्त हैइसलिए is neutral; अतः is literary and more emphatic in formal conclusions
यद्यपि के बिना तथापि का प्रयोगयद्यपि...तथापि एक युग्म संयोजक हैतथापि in the concessive pair requires यद्यपि (or similar) to establish the contrast
एकाधिक संयोजकों का एक साथ प्रयोगएक ही संयोजक का सटीक प्रयोग करेंStacking connectors (इसलिए अतः, लेकिन परन्तु) creates redundancy and stylistic awkwardness
Szybki quiz
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Jak powiedzieć «resultative / consequential»? (hindi)
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