Translation theory & practice
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Słownictwo
Translation Theory and Practice
Translation is not mere word substitution — it is an act of cultural mediation. At C2, you should understand both the theory and the craft.
The three tensions in translation:
- 信 (faithfulness) vs. reader accessibility
- 归化 (domestication) vs. 异化 (foreignization): Do you bring the text to the reader, or the reader to the text?
- Formal equivalence vs. dynamic equivalence: Does the structure matter, or only the effect?
Translating Chinese-specific elements:
- 四字格 idioms: often untranslatable word-for-word; find a functional equivalent or explain
- Cultural references (龙 = dragon but with different connotations): foreignize or add context
- Tonal ambiguity in poetry: recreate the spirit, not the sound
Yan Fu's 信达雅 (1898):
- 信: faithful to the original meaning
- 达: fluent and comprehensible in the target language
- 雅: elegant, refined in expression
Self-evaluation questions when translating:
- Would a native speaker of the target language find this natural?
- Have I preserved the register and tone of the original?
- What have I inevitably lost, and was that loss worth the gain?
Zwroty
- 翻译是两种语言之间的文化摆渡Metaphorical description of translation as cultural mediation; 摆渡 (ferry/ferryboat) is an evocative image.
- 信达雅三者兼顾，方为上乘译作Applying Yan Fu principles as an evaluative standard.
- 归化策略使读者感到亲切，异化策略则让读者感受到异域风情Contrasting two core translation strategies with their effects.
- 翻译是一种创作，译者是隐形的作者Elevating the status of the translator; useful for discussing translation ethics and authorship.
Typowe błędy
我把这句话翻译成了英文我将这句话译为英文把…翻译成 is grammatically correct but verbose. 将…译为 is more concise and literary. For academic translation contexts, prefer the shorter form.
这个翻译很忠实，但是读起来很难懂此译文忠于原文，然措辞生硬，可读性欠佳很难懂 is vague; 可读性欠佳 (poor readability) is precise. 但是 can be replaced by 然 (classical but elegant). 很忠实 → 忠于原文 is more formal.
把中文的成语翻译成其他语言很困难将汉语四字格习语转化为目标语往往面临极大挑战成语 is fine but 四字格习语 is more precise in a translation studies context. 困难 → 面临极大挑战 adds nuance. 其他语言 → 目标语 is the technical term for the target language.
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